ABSTRACT
In languages like French and German the tag question is invariable and therefore formulaic: e.g. n’est-ce pas?; nicht wahr? (both negative). In English there is innit, OK, etc. in informal speech, but usually the auxiliary verb matches the verb of the declarative clause, having the same modal, if there is a modal present, otherwise do. There is a subject, co-referring to the subject of the declarative, and inversion occurs. Both negative and positive tags are found, which provide a complex grouping as a result.
