ABSTRACT
Greco-Roman cultural ideals and educational practices had an immense influence on medieval intellectual life. For a splendid survey of education in the Ancient World see Henri I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity, translated by George Lamb (New York, 1956). For a first-hand description of the compromises that educated Christians made with ancient learning see Augustine of Hippo, On Christian Doctrine, translated by D. W. Robertson, Jr. (Indianapolis, Ind., 1958). For a detailed study of the transition from ancient to medieval education in the west see Pierre Riche, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West From the Sixth Through the Eighth Century, translated John J. Contreni (Columbia, South Carolina, 1976). On the complex and changing linguistic situation in the early Middle Ages see Philippe Wolff, Western Languages, AD 100-1500, translated by Frances Partridge (London, 1971), pp. 7-138. The copying and preservation of classical manuscripts is treated in Leighton D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: a Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1974), pp. 69-100. Eleanor Shipley Duckett, Carolingian Portraits (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1962), has readable, brief biographies of Carolingian leaders and scholars. Philippe Wolff, The Awakening ofEurope (also published as The Cultural Awakening), translated by Anne Carter (Baltimore, Md., 1968), pp. 11-108, has a useful account of Alcuin and the Carolingian Renaissance.
