ABSTRACT
James Augustine Joyce was born and educated in Dublin, which he left permanently in 1904 to live in Trieste and, from 1920, in Zurich and Paris. Joyce's novel, says Jameson, has always already been read for a new reader by generations of mythical, psychoanalytical and ethical interpretations. Ulysses was serialized in the Little Review from 1918 and published in Paris in 1922, but banned in the United States and Great Britain respectively until 1934 and 1936. Finnegans Wake was begun in 1923 and published in 1939. From the outset his interpretation has two striking features: his judgement that the Eumaeus and Ithaca chapters are 'boring', and that a radically transformed 'social and global situation' requires something other than more 'canonical' readings of the novel. In The Country and the City, Raymond Williams analyzes the changing perceptions, primarily through literature, of the county and city from classical times to the late twentieth century.
