ABSTRACT
Bureaucracies (and armies) are the main instruments by which the rules made by legislatures and national executives are implemented, although these institutions are also, as we have seen, more than occasionally involved in rule making as well, even if they encounter difficulties when they attempt too conspicuously to take on the role of the politicians. Yet bureaucracies and armies are not the only bodies whose role is to implement rules: courts an d tribunals are also engaged in what is in essence rule implementation, albeit of a special nature.
