ABSTRACT
In Germany, the emphasis was on geomorphology and settlement, with an historical approach; the coordinating theme was landscape, and much time was spent in micro-scale studies. The international scene in 1945 was dominated by the French, German and American traditions, with few feedbacks from other countries. In Great Britain, the United States, Germany and Scandinavia, universities remain the major research centres, but increasingly money comes from national agencies. In human geography, the developmental sequence has been the same nearly everywhere, apart from differences in timing, with the United States, Sweden and Great Britain slightly in the lead. Eastern European countries have developed strong research centres sponsored by the Academies of Science; they emphasise environmental studies, with reference to planning problems, and they try to develop an economic geography rooted in Marxism, with little apparent success; the methods they use are increasingly similar to those employed in the West. The main oppositions, nevertheless, are among the Western countries themselves.
