ABSTRACT
This chapter shows different ways of measuring, analyzing, and reporting student learning results. Elementary schools use a variety of means to assess student learning. Most schools are members of districts and states that use standardized tests across or at some grade levels. Standardized tests are assessments that have uniformity in content, administration, and scoring. Norm-referenced test scores create meaning through comparing the test performance of a school, group, or individual with the performance of a norming group. Criterion-referenced tests compare an individual's performance to a specific learning objective or performance standard and not to the performance of other test takers. Diagnostic tests can help teachers know the nature of students’ difficulties, but not the cause of the difficulty. Teachers use number or letter grades to judge the quality of a student's performance on a task, unit, or during a period of time.
