ABSTRACT
In Chapter 5, we took a broad look at the biological underpinnings of morality. Our focus was on genetic mutations that had been selected for their adaptive value. Yet sometimes rather than genetic variations or mutations solving an evolutionary challenge, they lead to problematic developmental paths for individuals. Recall how in Chapter 5 we noted a consensus among theorists that human attachment systems play a key role not only in ensuring the success of vulnerable human infants, but also as the foundation for key moral virtues such as empathy and care. In this chapter, we examine two important theories that can help us understand what happens when development goes awry, leaving individuals with deficits in empathy and morality. We examine two specific diagnoses, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and psychopathy, where deficits in empathy have been identified as central criteria. Interestingly, these deficits play out in very different ways in terms of moral development. We will also consider briefly a more widespread and disturbing way that development goes awry—the mechanisms by which ordinary people morally disengage in order to commit reprehensible acts. I think you’ll find this chapter’s application of theory to practice particularly fascinating as we consider the limits of free will.
