ABSTRACT
Turkish migrant workers make up a significant proportion of the immigrant population of Austria and Belgium. The first arrivals of Turkish migrant workers in these countries was part of the wave of Turkish immigration that began in the early 1960s in response to a labor shortage in the Federal Republic of Germany, which signed a bilateral agreement with Turkey in October 1961, regulating the short-term immigration of Turkish workers. The economic situation in many other European countries was similar to the German one and shortly after Austria (1964), Belgium (1964), and other European countries (Netherlands, France, Sweden and Switzerland) signed bilateral agreements with Turkey. The immigration that had been meant to be temporary had become long term. The 40th anniversary of the bilateral agreement has been celebrated recently. Turkish immigrants have been part of the scene in various European countries for many years, but does this mean that they fully participate in society? Are they well integrated? This study will try to answer these questions.
