ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to cover the area of collective or so-called secondary licensing, whereby the use of limited amounts of copyright material – extracts of text and embedded photographs, illustrations, diagrams, graphs, etc. – can be licensed, usually via a reproduction rights organization aka a collective management organization. Publishers based in the USA can choose to receive their share of UK collective licensing revenue by signing up with publishers’ licensing services and taking advantage of the UK Revenue Direct service; this is predominantly designed to cover licensing in the higher-education sector. In April 1986, the copyright licensing agency (CLA) finalized arrangements for a voluntary collective licensing scheme with the then 137 local education authorities responsible for the state school and college sector, covering approximately 30,000 institutions. Visual artists receive a varying range of percentages of collective licensing income, depending on the CLA licence and publication type.
