ABSTRACT
Chapter 5 compares the institutional contexts of the cities of Vienna and Paris in terms of their approaches to immigration and immigrant policy. In the first part of the chapter, the historical development of immigration policies in Austria and France are examined. Both cities have a long tradition as migration cities but have experienced a particularly sharp increase in immigration in the second half of the 20th century. This has been mostly the result of either labour migration from former colonies (France) or labour agreements (Austria). While France had already started to politically address immigration in the first half of the 20th century due to the migration flows associated with its colonial history, Austria started to institutionalise immigration systematically from the 1960s onwards, with the establishment of labour agreements with Turkey and Yugoslavia. In the second part of the chapter, approaches to immigrant integration in Austria and France are discussed. While Austria and France share similar trends in the development of immigration policies, integration policies have taken different forms in terms of access to citizenship, debates about political rights granted to foreigners, and the institutionalisation of minority religions. However, a certain amount of convergence can still be observed.
