ABSTRACT
The fourth chapter begins with an overview of Egyptian migration flows to European countries. Traditionally, Egyptian migration was mainly directed towards oil-rich Arab countries, such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, or Libya. Migration destinations began to diversify in the 1980s and 1990s, including to Europe, although these flows have remained limited in number compared to Arab destinations. The chapter goes on to analyse the particular phenomenon of Coptic emigration, which is mainly to Western rather than Arab destination countries. Egyptian migrants are then tracked within the migrant populations of Austria and France. In both countries, Egyptians are a minority group amongst the foreign population and form part of a new type of migration in Europe, which has emerged since the 1980s. This is characterised by more diversified and fluid migration patterns than in the past. Throughout the chapter, Egyptian migration is shown to be deeply fragmented in terms of social class and religious affiliation.
