ABSTRACT
Industrial engineering encompasses various technologies and production machineries that focus on high productivity and quality of fabricated goods. The productivity theory for industrial machines and systems is not new; there are key publications with fundamental approaches and mathematical models of physical productivity for different designs of industrial machines and systems. Microeconomics studies the economic decisions of an individual firm or groups of firms. Microeconomics is considered mainly as the index of physical or machine productivity, where the term productivity refers to the ratio of the number of products fabricated per time. The percentage of a machinery at production systems depends on their types, i.e. mass, batch and workshop. Reliability theory presents several attributes for measuring reliability indices of machines and systems. Metal-forming processes belong to the preparatory stage of a production system that generally relate to production of the blanks or work parts for the next machining stage. Modern tendency of manufacturing processes is automation of machines and systems.
