ABSTRACT
Adapting to urban floods is one of the major needs of climate adaptation, where integration of climate change responses into flood risk management policies, strategies and planning at international, national, regional and local levels is the norm. Managerial flexibility is the ability to keep the adaptation measures open for future adaptation or postponing adaptation measures until the time when the cost of further delay would be more than the benefits of doing so. The incremental and sequential adaptation approaches such as adaptation pathways, real options and real-in-options are useful in understanding and evaluating the overall flexibility in implementing adaptation measures. Framing of adaptation responses and predicting the outcomes of adaptation measures is difficult in cities as they comprise a myriad of physical, social, environmental, economic and political systems that interact, self-organize and produce emergent change. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.
