ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses the association between vitamin D and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), vitamin D supplementation among individuals with HIV, and linkages between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and vitamin D among individuals living with HIV. It highlights some in vitro and ex vivo laboratory studies and observational human studies. The chapter focuses on 25 intervention studies with vitamin D supplementation. It presents two randomized controlled trials that randomly assigned ART among individuals with HIV and assessed vitamin D. The chapter discusses some key limitations and research gaps. Separately, human leukemia-lymphoma cell line studies have considered the role of cytokines in the link between vitamin D and HIV. A number of human cell culture studies have focused on the association between vitamin D and HIV, including the role of vitamin D receptor. Observational studies showed increased HIV disease progression among individuals with certain vitamin D receptor genotypes and low vitamin D status.
