ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on how laws and discriminatory practices have been used to exclude disfavored racialized and sexualized groups from white-identified and heteronormative spaces. During the early twentieth century, the migration of blacks from the South to large metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest gave rise to a number of discriminatory techniques used to keep blacks and other racial minorities out of white neighborhoods in the cities and suburbs. Laws that established exclusive residential zoning for blacks and whites were first enacted in 1910 in Baltimore, Maryland and followed by other cities located in the border South. In the Missouri case, enforcement of the covenant was directed in the first instance by the highest court of the State after the trial court had determined the agreement to be invalid for want of the requisite number of signatures.
