Problems and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Trace Metals and Metalloids in Polluted and Nonpolluted Freshwater Ecosystems

Trace metals and metalloids in freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, rivers, and estuaries occur either dissolved or bound to particulate matter. ¹⁸ Total amounts and concentration ratios (dissolved/particulate bound) depend on the aquatic chemistry of the elements considered, on man-made and geological impacts, and on general properties of the respective aquatic ecosystem. ^{4 - 6}