ABSTRACT

As one of many tasks of an analytical chemistry program sponsored by the office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Field Studies Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (EPA Prime Contract No. 68-02-3938), Midwest Research Institute (MRI) prepared these summaries of the mammalian toxicology of 52 individual elements (metals and metalloids) and the lanthanides (rare earth elements). MRI is assisting the EPA in developing protocols for the monitoring of selected metals and organic compounds in the blood of the general U.S. population. The monitoring will enable evaluation of changes in the blood levels over time and any trends associated with instituted control measures. This review will help EPA select the metals to be included in the monitoring effort based on toxicity, relative exposure, and the ability of blood measurements to reflect exposure.

chapter 1|15 pages

Introduction

chapter 2|5 pages

Aluminum

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 3|6 pages

Antimony

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 4|7 pages

Arsenic

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 5|5 pages

Barium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 6|5 pages

Beryllium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 7|4 pages

Bismuth

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 8|3 pages

Boron

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 9|8 pages

Cadmium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 10|5 pages

Calcium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 11|4 pages

Cesium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 12|7 pages

Chromium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 13|18 pages

Cobalt

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 14|6 pages

Copper

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 15|4 pages

Gallium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 16|4 pages

Germanium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 17|5 pages

Gold

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 18|3 pages

Hafnium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 19|6 pages

Indium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 20|3 pages

Iridium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 21|4 pages

Iron

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 22|8 pages

Lead

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 23|4 pages

Lithium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 24|5 pages

Magnesium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 25|5 pages

Manganese

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 26|7 pages

Mercury

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 27|5 pages

Molybdenum

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 28|6 pages

Nickel

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 29|6 pages

Niobium (Columbium)

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 30|4 pages

Osmium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 31|5 pages

Palladium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 32|5 pages

Palladium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 33|5 pages

Potassium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 34|4 pages

Rhenium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 35|4 pages

Rhodium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 36|4 pages

Rubidium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 37|4 pages

Ruthenium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 38|4 pages

Scandium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 39|6 pages

Selenium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 40|7 pages

Silver

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 41|5 pages

Sodium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 42|3 pages

Strontium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 43|4 pages

Tantalum

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 44|5 pages

Tellurium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 45|12 pages

Thallium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 46|5 pages

Thorium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 47|4 pages

Tin

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 48|4 pages

Titanium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 49|4 pages

Tungsten

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 50|4 pages

Uranium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 51|7 pages

Vanadium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 53|9 pages

Zinc

Mammalian Toxicity Summary

chapter 54|6 pages

Zirconium

Mammalian Toxicity Summary