ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the occurrence and production, uses, chemical and physical properties, exposure and exposure limits, toxicokinetics, and effects of sodium in humans. Sodium compounds are among the highest tonnage industrial chemicals. Major industrial uses of sodium compounds include manufacturing sodium glasses and detergents; bleaching pulp, paper, and textiles; and treating water. Good natural sources of dietary sodium are cheese, milk, and shellfish. The kidneys excrete sodium in the urine. The action of the hormone aldosterone on renal tubular functions maintains sodium homeostasis. Epidemiological studies have indicated that long-term excessive sodium intake is one of many factors associated with hypertension in humans. The acute toxicity of sodium compounds is due either to their high pH and concomitant corrosivity to mucous membranes and skin or to the toxicity of their anions. The effects of sodium in humans include information on acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, biochemistry, specific organs and systems, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity.
