ABSTRACT
Pollution in natural ecosystems is contamination in a place where it naturally should not be in the first place or has reached a concentration higher than the natural level and negatively affects organisms. In one view, pollutants are categorized into two groups: pointwise and non-pointwise. The sources of water and air pollution are as follows: industrial pollution; wastewaters and garbage; and contamination through agricultural waste and the use of chemical inputs. Many heavy metals, such as iron, zinc, and copper, have physiological functions in plants and animals, but they are toxic at high concentrations. An increase in factors such as clay, organic matter, iron oxide, manganese oxide, and ion exchange capacity reduces plants’ access to heavy metals. The use of instruments, through absorption mechanisms, acid-free reactions, deposition, oxidation-reduction, complexation, cation exchange, and humidification, can lead to instability and the stabilization of heavy metals in the soil.
