ABSTRACT
The molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress resistance are based on the activity and regulation of certain genes. In living cells, changes in the extracellular environment must be transmitted to the intracellular medium and reach the nucleus in some way to express the related genes. Calcium is an essential element for plants, which plays an important role in maintaining the structure of the cell wall and membrane and regulates the growth and development of the plant. In most plants, the amount of sodium ion in the cytosol is balanced by the restriction of its entry into the cell or excretion to vacuoles and apoplasts. The genes for salt uptake and transport, ion homeostasis, and signal transduction are the main genes for salinity tolerance. The coordination between the expression of these genes and the antioxidant system of the plant can allow a plant to tolerate osmotic stress.
