ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, indications and methods for surveillance as well as the management of dysplasia and cancer, including the surgical management, all based on recent international guidelines. In sporadic cancers, the most well-known cancer sequence is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, in which adenomatous tissue transforms gradually from low-grade dysplasia to high-grade dysplasia to cancer by accumulation of genetic mutations. Looking into the tumour characteristics, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated colorectal cancer was associated with having a more poorly differentiated tumour. Ulcerative colitis and colonic involvement in Crohn’s disease is associated with an increased risk of developing dysplasia and colorectal cancer, referred to as colitis-associated or IBD-associated colorectal cancer. Skin cancers are subdivided in melanomas and non-melanoma skin cancers, the latter consisting of squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. For skin cancers other than melanomas, inflammatory bowel disease was an independent risk factor.
