ABSTRACT

Changes in Real GDP: 1950/51–1985/86

Average annual compound growth rate

Year

GDP (Yearly average at 1972–73 constant factor cost) million Rs/Tk.

GDP per head of economically active population (Rs/Tk.)

GDP

GDP per economically active population

1950/51–1954/55

30,418

2,220

2,444

−0.48

1955/56–1959/60

32,054

2,016

1.86

−1.15

1960/61–1964/65

40,007

2,222

4.98

3.15

1965/66–1969/70

40,562

2,059

3.94

2.21

1970/71–1974/75

47,329

2,201

2.27

0.42

1975/76–1979/80

59,836

2,483

3.79

1.39

1980/81–1985/86

73,083

2,601

3.76

0.55

1949/50–1985/86

46,931

–

2.88

0.64

Source: 1949/50–1969/70 GDP estimates at constant 1959/60 prices have been taken from Alamgir and Berlage (1974).

1969/70–1977/78 GDP estimates at 1972 constant factor cost are from World Bank (1979): Bangladesh: Current Trends and Development Issues.

1977/78–1985/86 figures are from World Bank Country Reports on Bangladesh, 1985, 1986 and 1987.

Economically active population are taken from Census of Pakistan 1951, Population Census of 1974 and 1981 and Labour Force Survey 1983/84.

Note: The overlap of 1969/70 enables us to recalculate 1949/50 GDP series at 1972/73 factor cost.

<target id="page_45" target-type="page">45</target>Changes in Sectoral Shares of GDP: 1949/50–1983/84 (Percentages)

Industry

Services

Year

Agriculture

Total

Manufacturing

Total

Industry related services

1949/50–1954/55

64.6

4.3

3.5

31.1

8.2

1955/56–1959/60

60.9

6.8

5.5

31.3

8.3

1960/61–1964/65

57.4

10.6

7.4

32.0

8.4

1965/66–1969/70

54.3

13.4

7.8

32.3

8.4

1972/73–1974/75

60.4

10.6

6.4

29.0

7.8

1975/76–1979/80

52.3

14.0

9.0

33.7

8.8

1980/81–1985/86

47.9

14.6

9.1

37.5

9.5

Source: 1949/50–1969/70, Alamgir and Berlage (1974), op. cit.

1972/73–1985/86, World Bank Country Reports on Bangladesh.

Note: Industry includes mining, manufacturing and construction. Industry related services include part (50%) of electricity and gas, trade and transportation, storage and communication, whole of finance and business and a small part (20%) of community and personal services.

<target id="page_46" target-type="page">46</target>Changes in Sectoral Shares in Employment: 1951–1983/84 (Percentages)

Industry

Services

Year

Agriculture

Total

Manufacturing

Total

Industry related services

1951

84.67

n.a.

3.33

11.97

3.25

1961

84.61

5.36

4.81

10.58

3.46

1974

78.66

4.97

4.79

16.37

5.19

1983–84

58.59

9.07

7.54

32.24

11.16

Source: For 1951, Census of Pakistan, Table 11-A.

For 1961 through 1983/84, Labour Force Survey 1983/84, Table 4.

Primary sources:

1961,

Population Census.

1974,

Population Census.

1983/84,

Labour Force Survey.

Note: n.a. means not available.

   Industry includes manufacturing, mining and construction. Agriculture includes agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

   All other sectors have been lumped together in the services sector.

   Industry related services include part (50%) of electricity and gas, trade, transportation, storage and communication, whole of finance and business and a small part (20%) of community and personal services.

<target id="page_47" target-type="page">47</target>Changes in the Distribution of Income and Poverty

Year

Concentration ratio (G) of income a)

Percentage of population below poverty b)

Absolute number of people in poverty (million)

Rural

1973/74

0.340

65.27

45.29

1976/77

0.423

–

–

1981/82

0.337

79.12

63.93

1983/84

0.354

49.81

45.31

1985/86

0.330

47.08

44.68

Urban

1973/74

0.375

62.50

31.55

1976/77

0.501

–

–

1981/82

0.421

50.66

52.83

1983/84

0.328

39.52

29.07

1985/86

0.365

29.11

26.73

Source: Rahman, Atiq and T. Hague (1988). Note:

Refers to household income distribution.

Poverty line income necessary to purchase 2200 kcal. of nutrients.

Changes in GDP Per Head of Economically Active Persons in Agricultural and Non-agricultural Sectors

Period

Agriculture

Non-agriculture

1949/50 a)

690

1,799

1959/60 a)

596

2,226

1969/70 a)

553

2,126

1979/80 b)

2,148

3,441

1983/84 b)

2,238

3,417

Source:

At constant 1959/60 factor cost. 1949/50 and 1959/60 economically active population in agricultural and non-agricultural have been taken as the same as those reported in the 1951 and 1961 Population Census. 1969/70 figures are from Alamgir and Berlage (1974).

At constant 1972/73 prices. Economically active population figures are from 1983/84 Labour Force Survey.

<target id="page_48" target-type="page">48</target>Branch Shares of Manufacturing Value Added: 1962/63–1984/85 (Percentage Break-up)

Branch

1962/63

1969/70

1980/81

1984/85

Consumer goods

79.7

79.9

66.0

61.3

 Food, beverages and tobacco

(2.8)

(31.1)

(23.9)

(22.8)

 Textiles, wearing apparel and leather

(72.6)

(46.1)

(38.2)

(34.2)

 Wood products and furniture

(0.4)

(0.2)

(0.5)

(0.5)

 Paper, printing and publishing

(3.7)

(2.5)

(3.4)

(3.8)

 Others

(0.2)

–

–

–

Intermediate goods

11.8

10.5

20.5

22.2

 Chemical, petro-chemicals

(10.4)

(9.9)

(18.2)

(20.4)

 Non-metallic mineral products

(1.4)

(0.6)

(2.3)

(1.8)

Capital goods

8.5

9.6

13.5

16.4

 Basic metal

(4.0)

(3.6)

(5.9)

(3.9)

 Metal products

(4.5)

(6.0)

(7.5)

(12.5)

Total manufacturing

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: For 1962/63, Census of Manufacturing Industries, 1962/65.

For 1969/70, Economics Survey of East Pakistan, 1969/70.

For 1980/81 and 1984/85, Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, 1986, Table 6.10, pp. 286–7.

<target id="page_49" target-type="page">49</target>Branch Shares of Employment in Manufacturing Industry: 1962/63–1984/85 (Percentage Break-up)

Branch

1962/63

1970/71

1979/80

1980/81

1984/85

Consumer goods

76.5

87.8

82.8

82.1

81.9

 Food, beverages and tobacco

(3.4)

(10.8)

(10.8)

(11.0)

(10.2)

 Textiles, wearing apparel and leather

(68.8)

(74.9)

(68.1)

(67.2)

(66.8)

 Wood products and furniture

(0.6)

(0.2)

(0.6)

(0.7)

(1.1)

 Paper, printing and publishing

(3.8)

(1.9)

(3.3)

(3.3)

(3.8)

Intermediate goods

12.1

7.4

9.3

9.5

9.5

 Chemical, petro-chemicals

(9.0)

(6.3)

(8.0)

(8.2)

(8.2)

 Non-metallic mineral products

(3.1)

(1.1)

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.3)

Capital goods

11.4

4.8

7.8

8.4

8.7

 Basic metal

(5.9)

(1.0)

(2.1)

(4.2)

(1.9)

 Metal products

(5.5)

(3.8)

(5.7)

(4.2)

(6.8)

Total manufacturing

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: For 1962/63, Census of Manufacturing Industries, 1962/63, pp. 5–7.

For 1970/71, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 1975.

For 1979/80–1984/85, Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, 1986, Table 6.11, pp. 288–9.

<target id="page_50" target-type="page">50</target>Changes in Value Added Per Employee in Manufacturing Industry: 1962/63–1984/85

Rupees/Taka

US Dollars

Branch

1962/63

1984/85

1962/63

1984/85

Consumer goods

4,263

32,723

892

1,261

 Food, beverages and tobacco

3,406

97,791

713

3,767

 Textile, wearing apparel and leather

4,330

22,412

906

863

 Wood products and furniture

2,520

19,650

527

757

 Others

6,488

43,588

1,357

1,679

Intermediate goods

4,014

102,435

840

3,946

 Chemical, petro-chemicals

4,752

108,903

994

4,195

 Non-metallic mineral products

1,846

61,683

386

2,376

Capital goods

3,054

83,714

639

3,225

 Basic metal

2,794

92,357

585

3,558

 Metal products

3,332

81,320

697

3,133

Total manufacturing

4,094

43,693

857

1,693

Source: For 1962/63, Census of Manufacturing Industries, 1962/63.

For 1984/85, Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, 1986.

Note: Rate of exchange

   1962/63 1 US $ = Rs. 4.78

   1984/85 1 US $ = Tk. 25.96

   The spectacular rise in value added is due to domestic inflation, whose magnitude exceeds devaluation of taka. Deflation was not attempted because of the lack of a suitable deflator, but prices probably rose about tenfold over the period.

<target id="page_51" target-type="page">51</target>Changes in Trade and its Structure: 1959/60–1984/85

1959–60

1969–70

1979–80

1984–85

Exports

 Total value of exports (Tk. m.)

1,079

1,670

10,997

26,005.48

 As per cent of GNP

7.45

6.78

5.75

6.48

 Composition of exports (%)

  – Primary goods

97.9

91.0

32.0

37.7

  – Manufactured goods

2.1

9.0

68.0

62.3

  – Machinery and equipment

–

–

0.47

4.0

Imports

 Total value of imports (Tk. m.)

655

1,813

28,305

63,033.27

 As per cent of GDP

4.52

7.36

14.81

15.70

 Composition of imports (%)

  – Primary goods

23.0

18.7

43.65

34.82

  – Manufactured goods

77.0

81.3

56.35

65.18

  – Machinery and equipment

19.5

34.5

20.87

25.64

Source: For 1959/60 and 1969/70, Twenty Five Years of Pakistan in Statistics, CSO.

For 1979/80 and 1984/85, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 1984/85.52 53 54 55 56

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