ABSTRACT
In the context of local school authorities, districts, Courts, and governments pushing back against Brown’s mandate, there were also examples of social and political movements that continued the Civil Rights struggle for integration and equality. From small to large movements, social activists participated in teach-ins, protests marches, political campaigns, and other activities in order to advance the integrationist goals of Brown. School districts immediately began to resist the constitutional mandate of integration ordered by Brown. However, discrimination in employment, voting, and other civil areas continued until the passage of the Civil Rights legislation. The Court first addressed so-called race-neutral maneuvers in Griggs v. Duke Power Co. The Duke Power Company in North Carolina practiced workplace discrimination and segregation since the early 1950s. Duke power only allowed black workers to work in its labor department where employees were paid the lowest in the entire company. Only white workers were promoted above labor-intensive positions into management.
