ABSTRACT

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Silicon Age are the names given in the timeline of human civilization history based on the materials in use in each period. Each of these periods evolved technologically and culturally to the next era, primarily through advancements in the field of materials science. The significance of each era is portrayed based on the utility of a particular material. The evolution of the ages has witnessed the invention and discovery of newer materials, bringing a change to each era by itself. The phrase smart materials refers to those materials, or combinations thereof, that change physically or chemically by sensing and responding to specific environmental stimuli, such as heat, magnetism, electricity, moisture, and so on, and return to their original configuration upon withdrawal of the stimuli. The squid has color-changing cells with a central sac holding granules of pigment. The anatomy of the squid is such that this sac is encapsulated by muscles.