ABSTRACT
This chapter argues that the institutional dynamics and patterns of civil-military co-operation in Germany strongly contributed to the consistent policy of avoiding military involvement in protest policing. Within the long-term development, the dissimilar paths taken by the German Empire and the French Third Republic are particularly interesting for the factors that shaped the process of limiting the involvement of the regular army in the policing of strikes, demonstrations and riots. The chapter compares the level of practical civil-military co-operation over policing of strikes and other forms of popular protest in the Westphalian Ruhr areas with the co-operation between French prefects and senior commanders in the most turbulent area in France, the industrial region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Similar patterns of non-co-operation and infrequent contact can be observed in relation to measures to watch over Social Democrats and Anarchists. The development of plans for protection entailed a significant institutionalization of civil-military co-operation concerning policing of strikes and major unrest.
