ABSTRACT
The development packages based on Western belief systems, values, social modes, economic and political organization have created alienated institutions. The developments in agriculture were an integral part of the process of change. Much of the intellectual input in development studies originates from international agencies such as the UN and the World Bank, and from academics in the developed world. The industrialization programmes of the 1970s emphasized the import-substitution industrialization strategy. The experiences of the Pacific Rim region indicate that intelligently formulated and flexibly administered policies can break the underdevelopment cycle. They also emphasize widened participation, without which 'growth in an economy can only reach a certain level and then be stymied'. In Africa particularly, lack of a consensus has led to pursuit of goals unclear even to national experts. The post-Cold-War multi-party democracy has intensified conflicts occasioned by dwindling resources and the articulations of diversity and differences in ethnicity, religion and race.
