ABSTRACT
To analyze cellular ultrastructures in brown algae, it is necessary to keep the structure of organelles as if in a living state and maintain the positional relationship between them. Insufficient ultrastructural image quality may cause misinterpretation of the cell structure. Therefore, the fixation procedure is the most important step to control to avoid this problem. Fixation methods are roughly divided into two types: (1) chemical fixation and (2) physical fixation. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both protocols and then introduces the application of cryofixation and freeze substitution for brown algal cells.
Keywords: Brown algae, cryofixation, freeze substitution, immersion freezing, TEM.
