ABSTRACT
This chapter examines Wittgenstein's remarks on future-directed language and thought, focusing on expecting and hoping. It discusses thinking and talking about the past-what psychologists usually refer to as memory. The chapter focuses on familiar themes, such as the possible roles of inner states and processes, the temptation to mark a clear distinction between the inner and outer, primary versus secondary language-games, and often unnoticed details of the grammar of psychological concepts related to memory and future-directed thought. It also discusses meaning and future/past reference, expecting, hoping and wishing, criteria for expecting and hoping, the meaningfulness of unrealistic wishes, implicit prescriptions of type versus particular fulfillment and memory research in the tradition of Ebbinghaus. The chapter discusses recollection versus recognition, caused remembering, the concepts of remembering and forgetting, remembering dreams and primary language-games of remembering. Family resemblances in the ways the word 'remember' and related expressions are used open up in at least one new field of research, collective remembering.
