ABSTRACT
The military operations in the area of Nord-Pasde-Calais are therefore extremely well documented from the viewpoint of the military authorities from the 1880s to August 1914. A strike starting in one location or professional sector could easily develop into strikes in other branches or areas, so that several independent strikes might trigger a string of separate military interventions. A rough estimate of the extent of military involvement in the policing of popular unrest in Germany is provided by the studies of Richard Tilly, based on the incidents appearing in the German press. The pattern of military intervention was, to some extent, influenced by the waves of strikes that hit the region, with military intervention often lasting for months. The policing measures we have observed in Westphalia and Nord-Pas-de-Calais reflect the dissimilar approaches to military involvement in protest policing that came to prevail in the Prussian and French Interior Ministries during the 1890s.
