ABSTRACT
Managers recognize the task before them as that of inducing each workman to use his best endeavors, his hardest work, all his traditional knowledge, his skill, his ingenuity, and his good will - in a word, his 'initiative', so as to yield the largest possible return to his employer. Workshop owners knew that their commercial survival depended on building better machines at lower cost. To do this they had to continually reorganise the workshop, increase the scale of production, and take control of expensive skilled labour. Proprietors battled to extract more from their labour, to use equipment and raw materials efficiently and meet deadlines. Owners felt they had no choice but to initiate dramatic leaps forward or, more commonly, introduce minor adjustments to production that cumulatively amounted to the same thing. Journeymen moulders had charge of a team of helpers, or handymen, who directly assisted them.
