ABSTRACT
Superimposed patron-client integration that promotes inequality while proclaiming to alleviate it, contributes to chronic social problems that lead to political instability. Southern Europe's full membership in the European Economic Community entailed that integration necessitated a political, economic, financial, and social system comparable to northwest Europe's, although convergence did not extend to the political realm identically for each country. Comparable progress did not take place in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Peru which remained under the patron-client model along with the rest of the Third World. Social justice, however, does not trickle down under the patron-client model any more than income distribution under supply-side economics. The patron-client model, which operates globally, runs deep inside American society and to a degree also in the European Union and Japan, although the Europeans and Japanese are more communitarian-oriented and their value system remains distinct from the United States.
