ABSTRACT
Among the most important factors associated with President Bush's first strike doctrine is the potential danger that it places the use of offensive military force at the forefront of US national security policy based on a general fear of potential threats and attacks. The Bush Doctrine's emphasis on the specific threats of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction proliferation complicates the available options and compels further development of last resort. The original no-fly zone was first declared in the northern region by President George HW Bush in early April 1991 to protect coalition aircraft during the airdrops of aid to Kurdish refugees on the Turkish border and to protect coalition ground troops advancing into northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort. Sanctions issued by the United Nations (UN) Security Council are particularly useful in adhering to principle of last resort because they demonstrate international disapproval of a particular state and, if effective, could actually remove the need for warfare.
