ABSTRACT
In 1968 Ian Livingstone published a critique of the role of industrialisation in the development of sub-Saharan Africa. The precise balance between import-substituting industrialisation (ISI) and export oriented (EOI) would vary over time, in part determined by demand conditions in global markets, but in the longer run EOI would, other things being equal, become more important relative to ISI as the manufacturing sector became more competitive. Obviously the concept of a 'Post-ISI' stage has wider applications and raises a number of interesting questions concerning the relationships between ISI, 'Post-ISI' and EOI strategies. The notion of a 'Post-ISI' stage or transition was introduced in 1977 in a Special Issue of World Development. The great majority of low-income economies commenced their ISI strategies with the 'easiest' option of using foreign exchange earnings to import investment goods, raw materials and manufactured inputs to produce domestically the consumer goods previously imported.
