ABSTRACT
The prospects of climate change in very sensitive areas like the Arctic, the increase in fossil fuels prices, the exponential global energy demand and the insecurity of nuclear power are important drivers provoking a fundamental change in twenty-first century energy systems.
Different from the traditional centralized and fossil-fuel based grid, the grid of the twenty-first century is based on transformational technologies by connecting modern engineering, information technology, integrated distribution and transmission in order to provide access, reliability, security and efficiency.
Smart grids have a major role to play in a low carbon future and it represents the transition of socio-technical systems.
