ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the events that took place in Tuscany. The French Revolution awoke deep-rooted fears on the part of Europe's elites. Throughout the French sphere of influence, then, popular resistance to the Revolution was commonplace, even, indeed, the norm. According to French reports, at least, meanwhile, the popular resistance was accompanied by the utmost cruelty. Tyrannised and impoverished, the inhabitants of Belgium responded with a resurgence of the resistance seen in 1794—5. Throughout the French sphere of influence, popular resistance to the Revolution was commonplace, even, indeed, the norm. In the Basque provinces and Navarre, bands of armed civilians certainly turned out against the French when they raided the Pyrenean valleys of the Baztán and the Roncal in 1793, whilst Clonard talks of a general mobilisation that produced as many as 60,000 combatants.
