ABSTRACT
This chapter leaves ancient Greece behind and approaches the objective attitude from a modern group-centric perspective. Labeling those who threaten the security of the group, a phenomenon first established in the Greek myths, will be streamlined into two groups of labels. These labels, which we will refer to as moral mandates, create strong moral imperatives to punish these offenders in the name of justice and security. Offenders will either be invested with labels of demonization or dehumanization, each operating a different genealogy but both enabling excessive brutality and violence. The chapter also constitutes the first half of the Rage-Binary Theory: a violent rage set apart from its "silent" Ressentiment counterpart. The chapter begins with a review of the way International Relations (IR) scholars have dealt with the problem of "emotionalizing" groups. The increasing focus in IR scholarship on humiliation as a reason for violence indicates that the concept of esteem is gaining traction.
