ABSTRACT
In Germany, areawide traffic calming "tries to reduce car traffic in general by changes to other transport modes, i.e., changes from car use to walking, bicycle, and public transport, and by reducing many privileges and road space which in recent years have been given uniquely to the car". Traffic calming appears to have considerable potential for promoting walking and bicycling. The written goals of traffic calming programs have not changed appreciably since our 1997–1998 surveys. The principal two remain neighborhood "livability" and traffic safety. These terms are operationalized in the traffic-related problems that are expressly addressed by programs. In Europe, as in the United States, design speeds are chosen with regard to the functional classification of roadways. Functional classification schemes in Europe strike a balance between mobility goals and planning considerations, such as implementing land use, economic development, or bicycle/pedestrian policies.
