ABSTRACT

The grassroots movements of the 1960s had a major impact on the development of community design. Community designers wanted to break the pattern of institutionalization of planning and design practices and use their expertise to create products that would not conflict with the lives of their clients. Environment-behavior research has paralleled community design in the academic world. The community organization and advocacy model promotes more of a spokesperson role for the community designer. The City Beautiful movement, a reform philosophy preoccupied with aesthetics and monumentalism, flourished in Paris during the reign of Napoleon III in the 1850s through 1870s. The City Beautiful movement was influential in shaping some industrial cities in the United States, including Seattle and Kansas City. The principles of modern thought, originally oriented toward liberating individuals, were reinterpreted and became modernism in planning and architecture. Planners and architects around the world, in both developing and developed countries, experimented widely with this model.