ABSTRACT
The chapter shows that there are many versions of Protestantism. It examines their main common, as well as distinct, characteristics. A brief characterisation is given of Arminians, Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals (and Charismatics). The forerunners of liberal Protestantism, especially in the Netherlands, are discussed. Nineteenth-century developments, notably in Germany, bring out the significance of Troeltsch and the historical method; a brief comparison with Max Weber. In the United States the Chicago School was significant. Recent developments are examined, notably those in response to the (Catholic) Theology of Liberation, and the resulting controversies. Nothing is excluded from criticism. What liberal Protestants do not believe. Positively, they stress spiritual autonomy, the right to decide for oneself, and tolerance for other views. They strongly question church authority. Community is more important than church. Religion should be about questions rather than about answers. Current views of God are examined. Attention is paid to the institutional organisation of liberal Protestants, as exemplified by the situation in the Netherlands. Feminism in Protestant theology and black liberal Protestantism are discussed, as are organised reactions to liberal Protestantism, notably in Germany (the Bethel-Kreis). Questions are asked about the future of liberal Protestantism in an age of growing secularity.
