ABSTRACT
This chapter explains several clustering techniques designed for ad hoc networks and sensor networks. There are several methods of clusters formation. The node with the highest residual energy is chosen as cluster head (CH) among the neighbouring nodes so as to prolong the cluster lifetime. The gateway nodes are also elected and used for communication between CHs. Experiments demonstrate that the system has a low rate of CH change but the throughput is low under the highest-degree heuristic. The merging of clusters occurs under certain conditions that result in variable size cluster formation. The CHs, operating in “dual” power mode, connects the clusters which help in routing messages from a node to any other node. They observed a trade-off between the uniformity of the load handled by the CHs and the connectivity of the network. A. Zabian et al. proposed a distributed clustering and leader election mechanism for ad hoc mobile networks.
