ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the expanding landscape of food shops and the attempts to modernize markets. It reviews the results of those attempts and assesses the state of the landscape of markets in relation to the expanding number of food shops. The chapter demonstrates the complexity of the nineteenth-century food distribution network. It provides a discussion on innovative measures introduced by urban officials trying to adapt the market scene to the nineteenth century. The most radical of these measures was the construction of new market halls. Although market halls had existed in Europe from the medieval period onwards, their nineteenth-century examples can nevertheless be considered 'new' spaces. They were proposed as 'modern' alternatives to the open-air markets, as efficient solutions to old and new problems on the market scene. Open-air markets often had different fates than market halls, though both were heavily dependent on a number of local factors.
