ABSTRACT
Normally, three-phase systems can be considered as balanced. A single-phase positive sequence network of a three-phase system is adequate for balanced systems. A three-phase network can be represented in both impedance and admittance forms. The matrix methods for network solution, the primitive network, formation of loop and bus impedance and admittance matrices, and transformations are discussed. The generators can be modeled by an internal voltage behind the generator transient reactance. The cogenerators in distribution system load flow are not modeled as PV type machines, i.e., to control the bus voltage. Three-phase transformer models considering winding connections, and turns ratio, are described. Based on test data, a detailed load model can be derived, and the voltage/current characteristics of the models are considered. The Gauss and Newton-Raphson (NR) methods are applicable. The optimal location of capacitors in a distribution system is a complex process. This chapter examines the capacitor placement algorithm based on loss reduction and energy savings using dynamic programming concepts.
