ABSTRACT
Automatic restoration systems can be implemented autonomously in the field by devices on the distribution system or can be part of centralized outage management system (OMS) that utilities use to monitor and manage outages on the distribution system. This chapter covers a variety of hardware devices and IEDs used in automation restoration systems. Automatic sectionalizers are essentially remotely operable load-break switches located out on the feeder with added intelligence in their IEDs. The sectionalizer cannot operate when carrying fault current. Faults that occur on distribution systems can be linked to a partial or complete failure of electrical insulation of power system equipment or external causes, such as trees, animals, storms, and human interference. Fault location as an integrated function for service restoration is executed from the control center environment where the operators have access to the as-operated network models and parameters, as well as circuit topology information denoting the real-time status of switches, breakers, and reclosers.
