ABSTRACT
Nanoproducts and nanoparticles are mainly designed for four applications: (1) engineering/industrial applications, (2) cosmetic applications, (3) nutritional applications, and (4) medical or veterinary therapeutic and diagnostic applications (Figure 2.1). Humans can be occupationally or environmentally exposed to any of these nanoproducts, in particular, nanocosmetics/nanocosmeceuticals, nanofoods, and nanomedicines. The most prevalent modes of nanoproduct exposure are the ocular, oral, and dermal/transdermal routes, as well as ingestion, inhalation, and injection (intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intrathecal, and intramuscular). The dermal/transdermal route is particularly common for the delivery of nanocosmetics/nanocosmeceuticals, while the oral route predominates for nanofoods. All of these routes are employed for the administration of nanomedicines.
