ABSTRACT
This chapter emphases on the effects of exporting countries of trade restrictions imposed by importing countries. These effects are much in the minds of trade negotiators. Such negotiators must often take as given the domestic objectives of their trading partners and will be concerned to ensure that these objectives are pursued at least cost to themselves. The chapter ranks the losses caused to exporters by the imposition of various types of trade restrictions in the importing countries. It examines the impact of the various instruments under the alternative market structures of competition and of monopoly both in production and in international trade. The chapter assumes the country imposing the trade restriction does it in pursuit of some objective other than an improvement in the terms of trade. The analysis could be in terms of the pursuit of two objectives — the terms of trade gain plus some other objective — but this would complicate things unnecessarily.
