ABSTRACT
Industry became independent of concentrative domination either of external capitalists or of such of their own class as might have become prominent capitalists themselves. The early period of modern industrial capitalism was characterized by monopolies in many of the "new" trades, and by a capitalist domination over the gilds through some sort of putting-out system. Industrial goods, and others too, could be produced wherever conditions of production were economically most favourable almost regardless of the cost of transport over long distances. Integration, territorial, national and international, evolving directly out of transport revolution, but also supported in many cases by tariffs, gave a new chance to concentrative domination in industry. Intermediaries may be created between the State and industry, where necessary. The structure of industry is undergoing changes which go far deeper than that. Nobody will deny that permanent bureaucratic research work has immensely helped the steady progress of industry.
