ABSTRACT

In the 21st century, China has become impossible to ignore. At the same time, a vast array of perceptions and judgments of China’s actions and future have arisen. The confusion, Leah Zhu postulates, is explained by decades of traditional modus operandi, which began in the Maoist Era and misconceives China as a ‘collectivist’ culture.

This book, however, seeks to re-explore thousands of years of China’s history to demonstrate the country’s adherence to an alternative principle, ‘relationalism’. Tracing the pervasive power of ‘relationalism’ before and after Maoism, it examines the major aspects of Chinese culture, including politics, sociology, psychology and diplomacy. In doing so, it reveals the power of ‘relationalism’ as the core frame of reference behind contemporary Chinese beliefs and practices. Furthermore, armed with this newly established framework, this book ultimately provides a helpful analysis of China’s past political, economic, and judiciary reforms and of how they are faring under the control of the current regime.

Featuring extensive evidence and analysis of Chinese culture from ancient rites through to the 21st century, this book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Chinese culture, politics and society. It will also appeal to social scientists and sociologists more broadly.

chapter |4 pages

Introduction

part I|35 pages

The roots of relationalism in Chinese history

chapter 1|3 pages

Some starting points

chapter 2|6 pages

The “universal order”

chapter 3|3 pages

The traditional Chinese family

chapter 4|15 pages

Relationalism meets foreign challenges

chapter 5|6 pages

Relationalism triumphs

part II|37 pages

Roots of relationalism in the Chinese belief systems

chapter 6|5 pages

Some starting points

chapter 7|6 pages

Confucianism

Relationalism in human society

chapter 8|11 pages

Daoism

Relationalism in the Cosmos

chapter 9|10 pages

Buddhism

Relationalism in Zen

chapter 10|3 pages

Unification under relationalism

part III|34 pages

“Guanxi”

chapter 11|4 pages

Some starting points

chapter 12|5 pages

Qin qing (kinship emotions)

chapter 13|6 pages

You qing (friendship emotions)

chapter 14|3 pages

Ren qing (generic human emotions)

chapter 15|6 pages

Guanxi opens access to resources

chapter 16|5 pages

“Face” and reciprocity

chapter 17|3 pages

“The cat-and-mouse game”

part IV|38 pages

Psychological roots of relationalism

chapter 18|4 pages

Some starting points

chapter 19|6 pages

Relational human nature

chapter 20|6 pages

The Chinese “heart”

chapter 21|5 pages

Cognition and emotion

chapter 23|11 pages

Development of Chinese “selfhood”

part V|42 pages

Relationalism in 21st-century China

chapter 24|5 pages

Some starting points

chapter 25|8 pages

The CCP in the 21st century

chapter 29|9 pages

On the world stage

China’s relational diplomacy in the 21st century