ABSTRACT
This chapter wraps up the discussion on the evolution of the deterrence concept and its role in the security environment in Europe. It delivers answers to the following questions: How is the current debate on deterrence different from the one that took place during the Cold War? What additional concepts have emerged as part of the discussion on deterrence and defence in Europe since 2014? The chapter also delivers answers in a comparative perspective on the questions: To what extent have Russia's western neighbours conceptualized their relations with Russia based on deterrence and defence? What are the national efforts to strengthen deterrence strategy? If deterrence is here to stay, it is not necessarily a bad thing, because it aims to create a certain status quo, rules of behaviour and, therefore, predictability. All countries, except Germany, are conducting national deterrence efforts at the national level, which are aiming to achieve deterrence by denial and/or deterrence by punishment.
