ABSTRACT
Slavery provided a way to obtain and exploit labor when voluntary or paid labor was insufficient. The interplay of industry and labor had much to do with the growth of empire. Empires of capital consisted of home-country control of markets and productive resources in other countries. Migrants from Britain and Spain moved in large numbers to their colonies, but in larger numbers away from their empire. The expansion of empires usually involved gaining control of lands overseas. The combination of empire-building and migration created so many connections around the world that people started to generalize about culture. The British Empire, the dominant world power at this time, reflected the patterns of empire and emigration. The campaigns for emancipation included national struggles against empires; efforts to avoid racial discrimination; struggles for gender recognition; workers’ struggles for recognition on the job.
