ABSTRACT
The growing threats are to states and the challenge is to strengthen them to withstand these mainly political forces and still be effective deliverers of services and programs. Consistent with the objective of effective government, the frequent call is for governments that can plan and deliver policies, programs, and projects efficiently and effectively, that is, delivery performance which is least cost and to maximum effectiveness in serving client needs. Because governments consist of horizontal and vertical structures of organizations and institutional processes, the tendency is to divide up this problem functionally. The actual quality of government and institutions is revealed partly by allocation of resources, usually through planning, approval, and execution of public budgets for current services and capital works. For improving governmental effectiveness, the relation between law and public management is all important. Law should facilitate management discretion in making necessary financial and personnel choices to deliver services, programs and projects as planned.
